Maternal periodontitis and its influence on duration of gestation and fetal birth weight

Authors

  • Swetha Munivenkatappa Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
  • Srinivas M. Govindaraj Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Narayana Medical College, Chintareddypalem, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4085-4126

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193534

Keywords:

Ante-natal care, Duration of gestation, Low birth weight, Maternal education, Periodontitis, Preterm birth

Abstract

Background: There has been a lot of interest in knowing the effects of oral health on adverse pregnancy outcomes like preterm births and low birth weight. Studies have yielded contradicting results and there are lot of confounding issues that blur the picture.  Aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of periodontitis is pregnant population and determine the effect of periodontitis on preterm births and low birth weight.

Methods: This was a cross sectional study of singleton pregnant women attending ante-natal checkups with oral interview and clinical examination. Oral examination was done at the beginning of third trimester of pregnancy. They were followed up to delivery to note the duration of gestation, birth weight of babies.

Results: The prevalence of periodontitis was 22% with 90.9% having mild and 9.1% having moderate periodontitis. Maternal education (high school and above) was associated with lower prevalence of periodontitis (p=0.042). There was no difference in the birth weights between the group with and without periodontitis (2.9±0.41kgs vs 2.74±0.36kgs, p=0.11). The incidence of low birth weights was also similar (p=0.22). The average gestational age was slightly less in the group with periodontitis (38 weeks 3 days vs 37 weeks 5 days) but the rates of preterm births were similar between the two groups (p=0.61).

Conclusions: Mild/moderate periodontitis does not appear to have a significant effect on pre-term births and low birth weight. Maternal education and awareness seem to mitigate development of periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

References

Hess RF, Gilill CS, Dembà J. Prevalence and Predictors of Periodontal Disease among Pregnant Women in Mali, West Africa. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research. 2017;7(4). Available at: https://www.amhsr.org/abstract/prevalence-and-predictors-of-periodontal-disease-among-pregnant-women-in-mali-west-africa-3595.html. Accessed 2 May 2019.

Ha JE, Jun JK, Ko HJ, Paik DI, Bae KH. Association between periodontitis and preeclampsia in never‐smokers: a prospective study. J Clinic Periodontol. 2014;41(9):869-74.

Abariga SA, Whitcomb BW. Periodontitis and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2016;16(1):344.

Ananth CV, Andrews HF, Papapanou PN, Ward AM, Bruzelius E, Conicella ML, et al. History of periodontal treatment and risk for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). BMC oral health. 2018;18(1):161.

Zi MY, Longo PL, Bueno-Silva B, Mayer MP. Mechanisms involved in the association between periodontitis and complications in pregnancy. Frontiers in pub health. 2015;2:290.

Jacob PS, Nath S. Periodontitis among poor rural Indian mothers increases the risk of low birth weight babies: a hospital-based case control study. J Periodont Implant Sci. 2014;44(2):85-93.

Tellapragada C, Eshwara VK, Bhat P, Acharya S, Kamath A, Bhat S, Rao C, Nayak S, Mukhopadhyay C. Risk factors for preterm birth and low birth weight among pregnant Indian women: a hospital-based prospective study. J Prevent Med Pub Health. 2016;49(3):165.

Muwazi L, Rwenyonyi CM, Nkamba M, Kutesa A, Kagawa M, Mugyenyi G, et al. Periodontal conditions, low birth weight and preterm birth among postpartum mothers in two tertiary health facilities in Uganda. BMC oral health. 2014;14(1):42.

Santa Cruz I, Herrera D, Martin C, Herrero A, Sanz M. Association between periodontal status and pre‐term and/or low‐birth weight in S pain: clinical and microbiological parameters. J Periodont Res. 2013;48(4):443-51.

Iheozor‐Ejiofor Z, Middleton P, Esposito M, Glenny AM. Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017(6).

Gomes-Filho IS, Trindade SC, Passos-Soares JS. Clinical diagnosis criteria for periodontal disease: an update. J Dent Health Oral Disord Ther. 2018;9(5):354-6.

Balaji SK, Lavu V, Rao S. Chronic periodontitis prevalence and the inflammatory burden in a sample population from South India. Ind J Dental Res. 2018;29(2):254.

Wu YM, Liu J, Sun WL, Chen LL, Chai LG, Xiao X, Cao Z. Periodontal status and associated risk factors among childbearing age women in Cixi City of China. J Zhejiang Uni Sci B. 2013;14(3):231-9.

Piscoya MD, Ximenes RA, Silva GM, Jamelli SR, Coutinho SB. Periodontitis-associated risk factors in pregnant women. Clinics. 2012;67(1):27-33.

Prashant D, Jaideep KC, Girija A, Mallapur MD. Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in rural field practice area of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. International J Comm Med Pub Heal. 2017;4(2):537-41.

Antenatal care in India: what’s missing? Available at: https://blogs.lshtm.ac.uk/hppdebated/2013/10/29/antenatal-care-in-india-whats-missing/. Accessed 2 May 2019.

WHO | New guidelines on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/news/antenatal-care/en/. Accessed 2 May 2019.

Onigbinde OO, Sorunke ME, Braimoh MO, Adeniyi AO. Periodontal status and some variables among pregnant women in a Nigeria tertiary institution. Annals Med Health Sci Res. 2014;4(6):852-7.

Dhaliwal JS, Lehl G, Sodhi SK, Sachdeva S. Evaluation of socio-demographic variables affecting the periodontal health of pregnant women in Chandigarh, India. J Ind Soc Periodontol. 2013;17(1):52.

Monea A, Elod N, Sitaru A, Stoica A, Monea M. Can Thyroid Dysfunction Induce Periodontal Disease?. European Scientific J. 2014 May 1;10(15). Available at: https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/3440.

Moore S, Ide M, Coward PY, Randhawa M, Borkowska E, Baylis R, Wilson RF. A prospective study to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcome. British Dental J. 2004;197(5):251.

Preterm birth | National Health Portal of India. Available at: https://www.nhp.gov.in/disease/reproductive-system/female-gynaecological-diseases-/preterm-birth. Accessed 18 April 2019.

Sudha G, T, Reddy lam M, Narasimhulu S, Kod K, Reddy A, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Low Birth Weight in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India. Obstet Gynecol Int J. 2017;7(1):1-0.

Govindaraju P, Venugopal S, Shivakumar MA, Sethuraman S, Ramaiah SK, Mukundan S. Maternal periodontal disease and preterm birth: A case-control study. J Ind Soc Periodontol. 2015;19(5):512.

Meqa K, Dragidella F, Disha M, Sllamniku-Dalipi Z. The association between periodontal disease and preterm low birthweight in Kosovo. Acta Stomatol Croatica. 2017;51(1):33-40.

Downloads

Published

2019-07-26

Issue

Section

Original Research Articles